AALL CITATION FORMATS COMMITTEE

¶1 In 1994 the American Association of Law Libraries adopted portions of the report of the Task Force on Citation Formats. ¹ However, the AALL Executive Board delayed adoption of the statutory recommendation of the Task Force, pending further study, and referred the area of statutes, among others, to the newly formed Committee on Citation Formats. ² Since its formation, the Committee has met regularly to consider the issues surrounding the citation of statutory law in the current environment of both print and electronic media.

¶2 The issues regarding statutory citation differ significantly from those of case law. ³ Unlike a decision, a statute can have a continually changing text dependent on legislative activity. The writer has an obligation to provide a reference to the accurate text of the relevant statute. In addition, the citation must affirm that the text presented is not only accurate, but that it is accurate as of a particular date.

¶3 Textual differences can arise out of the legislative process and the procedure for creating codes. The codification process consists of taking selected provisions of the session laws and arranging them in a different order to create the code. In some states, such as Arkansas and Texas, where the legislature meets only once every two years, it is necessary to codify the session laws only biennially. Other state legislatures, such as those in California and New York, meet annually. The United States Congress is almost continually in session.

¶4 Congress's continual lawmaking invites continual updating of the United States Code. However, the official paper version of the Code is recompiled only once every six years, and the paper supplements are compiled annually. ⁴ The official CD-ROM version recompiles the entire Code, merged with its supplement, once a year. The official Web site is updated most frequently of the three versions, ⁵ as each volume of the paper supplement is printed. On the other hand, commercial publishers who have the text of the session laws can and do compile unofficial versions of the U.S. Code more often. West Group, for example, compiles its print and online codes bimonthly, and its CD-ROM code quarterly. ⁶ This raises the likelihood of variations in text between different versions of the same code. While it was always possible for different print versions to have this problem, it has now become commonplace, due to the advent of electronic publishing and the ease with which codes can be recompiled. Today researchers are confronted with a bewildering array of printed and electronic versions of the U.S. Code that are current through different dates.

¶5 A related issue that has always existed, but of which many researchers were unaware, is the possibility of differences between the session law text and the text of the code. If there is a material difference in the texts, and the code has not been enacted into positive law, convention requires the writer to cite the session laws, not the code. ⁷ Some states such as Alaska and Missouri have not enacted their code into positive law. The entire text is merely prima facie evidence of the law. Other states such as Arkansas enact their codes but with a "rabbit hole" that allows writers to cite the session law instead if the code text is wrong. ⁸ Still other states, such as Arizona, enact their codes but do not enact codified forms of the subsequent, amending session laws. Others such as Louisiana and Texas are in the codification process, and have a combination of completed codes and compilations. Finally, other states such as Alabama and California have enacted their entire codes and also enact codified amendments.

¶6 These issues raise a problem much more serious than the rare accidental differences in text that occur in case law. The problem manifests itself in the date used in citing a statutory code section. Several possible choices for dates confront the writer. The Bluebook requires writers citing a code to give the publication date of the print source, whether it is a bound volume, pocket part, or paper supplement. ⁹ However, an equivalent publication date does not exist for codes available online, on a CD-ROM product, or on the Internet.

¶7 The date that the writer actually views the code is another possibility, but this alternative does not indicate the currency of the code text which the writer is consulting. A writer could view the official version of the U.S. Code and West Group's version on the same day, but the two versions would be different, because West Group recompiles its code more frequently than does the U.S. government.

¶8 Another possibility is to use the date of the last amendment. While this date is uniform across code versions, it may or may not give the reader any sense of how recently the research has been done. The writer may be citing statutes that were last amended in 1925, even though the code was checked in 1998.

¶9 Ultimately, the currency of all statutory provisions is best defined by a "legislative event." The Committee defines a legislative event as the last activity of the legislature covered in the source consulted. Such an event can indicate the end of a session, or the last enactment, if a legislature is still in session. This date, found following the words "current through," and present in virtually all versions of all codes, allows writers to "timestamp" exactly what text they are using. Therefore, the Committee proposes the use of the "current through" date to solve the problem.

¶10 Finally, The Bluebook requires citing, in abbreviated form, the actual title, and often the publisher, of statutory codes. ¹⁰ In place of this requirement, the Committee has provided a "code designation" that is both simple and standardized, yet keeps the essence of the official name for each jurisdiction's code without reference to a publisher or format. Use of this designation eliminates the need to refer to the publisher since theoretically, each version should be identical as of the same "current through" date. Moreover, it is not necessary to specify whether the writer is using an annotated code, so "Ann." has been omitted from the standardized designations. The only exception to this rule is when a jurisdiction has two or more codes with different numbering schemes, in which case the writer must specify the version. ¹¹

¶11 The Committee believes that these rules satisfy the obligation to present an accurate, timestamped text. To this end, the AALL Committee on Citation Formats presents this draft User Guide to the AALL Universal Statutory Citation for public study and comment. Suggestions to improve either the universal statutory citation or the User Guide should be conveyed to the Committee on Citation Formats.¹²

* © American Association of Law Libraries, 1998. This is the second in a series of guides to be published as part of the Universal Legal Citation Project. See The Universal Legal Citation Project: A Draft User Guide to the AALL Universal Case Citation, 89 L. LIBR. J. 7 (1997) [hereinafter Case Citation Guide].

** The introduction to the Draft User Guide was prepared by Lynn Foster, a member of the 1997-98 Committee on Citation Formats of the American Association of Law Libraries, and Associate Dean and Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock School of Law, Little Rock, Arkansas.

¹ MINUTES OF THE AALL EXECUTIVE BOARD, July 13, 14, 18 & 20, 1995, at 2107-08 (on file at American Association of Law Libraries Headquarters, Chicago). For more information on the history of the project and the activities of the Task Force, see TASK FORCE ON CITATION FORMATS, AM. ASS'N L. LIBR., REPORT (1995), reprinted in 87 L. LIBR. J. 577 (1995) [hereinafter TASK FORCE REPORT]; Case Citation Guide, supra note *, ¶ 5-7.

² MINUTES OF THE AALL EXECUTIVE BOARD, supra note 1, at 2103.

³ For a discussion of issues relating to case law citation, see TASK FORCE REPORT, supra note 1, ¶¶ 27-44.

⁴ The paper supplement is cumulative and thus grows in length every year, adding volumes.

⁵ Telephone Interview with John Miller, Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (Dec. 9, 1997).

⁶ Telephone Interview with Joe Edwards, Director of U.S.C.A. & Alabama products, West Group (Dec. 15, 1997).

⁷ THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION 75 (16th ed. 1996) (Rule 12.2.2(c)).

⁸ AR Code § 1-2-103 (1995 through 1st Ext Sess).

⁹ THE BLUEBOOK, supra note 7, at 78 (Rule 12.3.2).

¹⁰ Id. at 77 (Rule 12.3.1(d)).

¹¹ As of January 1998, Michigan is the only jurisdiction of this type, with two versions of the code actually numbered differently.

¹² The 1997-98 Chair of the AALL Committee on Citation Formats is Marcia Koslov, State Law Librarian, Wisconsin State Law Library, who can be contacted at (608) 266-1424 or <mkoslov@llaw-lib.state.wi.us>

¶1 Purpose. This guide indicates how researchers can cite American statutory law, as published in codes, ¹ compilations, and session laws, using the universal statutory citation developed by the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL).

¶2 Scope. These rules are intended to assist researchers in crafting accurate, unambiguous citations that enable readers to identify and locate cited legal authority in any format. Ancillary issues such as typeface, style, or signal conventions are beyond the scope of this guide. For these and any other issues not addressed in this guide, the researcher should follow the most current edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. ²

Throughout this guide examples appear with redlining, which is used to show where and how a particular rule applies in the context of a citation.

Rule 1. Basic Statutory Citation Form. [Related to Bluebook Rules 12.2.1 and 12.2.2.]
Always cite statutes to a current statutory code (Rule 2) rather than to a session law (Rule 3), except in the following cases:

1.1 Statutes not Codified. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.2.1.]
1) Cite uncodified public session laws to the session laws. This includes both recent laws that have not yet been codified and those that never will be codified.

Examples:
District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995, US PL No 104-8 (1995)
Act of Feb 22, 1996, AK Sess L, ch 2
Marine Mammal Protection Amendments of 1998, US PL 105-360 (to be codified at 16 USC 1371)

2) Cite private session laws to the session laws.

Example:
Railroad Right-of-Way Conveyance Validation Act, US Priv L 2 (1994)

1.2 Statutes no Longer in Force. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.2.1(b).]
Cite statutes no longer in force to the last code in which they appeared; otherwise to the session laws. Note the fact of repeal or amendment parenthetically.

Example:
43 USC § 1847 (1981 through 96th Cong 2d Sess) (repealed by US PL No 97-212, § 6(a) (1982))

1.3 Historical Fact. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.2.2(b).]
Cite the historical fact of enactment, amendment, or repeal to the session laws.

Example:
In 1988, Congress expanded its rights under admiralty jurisdiction by enacting the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, US PL No 100-298.

1.4 Scattered Statutes. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.2.2(a).]
Cite to the session laws if a statute appears in so many scattered sections that a useful citation to the code is not possible.

Example:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, US PL No 99-272 (1986)

1.5 Materially Different Language. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.2.2(c).]
If the language in the session laws differs materially from the language in the code, and the code has not been enacted into positive law, cite the session laws.

Comment: Examples of this include Titles 2, 6-8, 12, 15-16, 19-22, 24-27, 29-30, 33-34, 36, 40-43, 45, 47-48 of the U.S. Code; and all or part of state codes that have not actually been enacted by the legislature, for example, the codes of Alaska, Missouri, and Vermont, which are prima facie evidence of the law.

Rule 2. Elements of a Statutory Code Citation. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.3.]
A full statutory code citation includes the following elements, but should not include reference to a specific published source:

1) the name of the statute, if it will aid the reader (Rule 4)
2) the standardized code designation (Rule 5)
3) the numbering of the code (Rule 6)
4) the "current through" date (Rule 7)

Examples:
CO Rev Stat § 1-40-107 (1996 through 2d Reg Sess, 60th Gen Ass)
MS Code § 91-9-107 (1996 through Reg Sess)

Rule 3. Elements of a Session Law Citation. [Related to Bluebook Rule 12.4.]
A full session law citation includes the following elements:

1) the name of the statute (Rule 4)
2) the standardized session law designation (Rule 8)
3) the legislative session, if necessary (Rule 9)
4) the year (Rule 10)
5) the number or unique identifier of the act (Rule 11)
6) the section, paragraph, or page number (in that order of preference) within the act (Rule 12)
7) codification status (Rule 13)

The order in which these elements appear varies by jurisdiction. The elements should be put in the order specified for each jurisdiction in Appendix, Part C.

Examples:
North Carolina Antifreeze Law of 1975, NC Sess L ch 719
Act of Mar 4, 1996, OR Sess L, ch 13 (adopting and ratifying Columbia River Light Rail Transit Compact)

Rule 4. Name of the Statute. [Related to Bluebook Rules 12.31 (a) and 12.4.]

4.1 Statute Cited to A Code.
When citing a statutory code, include the statute's official name, popular name, or both, if it will aid the reader.

Examples:
Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980, 42 U.S.C. § 422 (1996 through 104th Cong 2d Sess)
Mann Act, 18 USC §§ 2421-2424 (1997 through 105th Cong 1st Sess)
Local Government Risk Pool Tax Act, NC Gen Stat § 58-23-1 (1997 through Reg Sess)

Comment: Traditionally, at the federal level, it is customary to include the name of a statute if it is in a title of the U.S. Code that is not enacted (e.g., Title 42). However, practice has become blurred, and additional statutes are cited by name as well (e.g., Mann Act).

4.2 Statute Cited to A Session Law
When citing a session law, always include the statute's official name, popular name, or both. If the statute has no name, use "Act of (date of enactment)." If the date of enactment is unknown, use "Act effective (date of effectiveness)." If it will aid in identification, add information parenthetically.

Examples:
Volunteer Protection Act of 1997, US PL No 105-19
Alabama Income Tax Conformity Act of 1997, AL Act 97-625, § 3
Act of June 29, 1996, AK Sess L ch 120, § 2 (forbidding the transport of live king crabs)

Rule 5. Standardized Code Designation.
When citing a code, use the standardized code designation provided in Appendix, Part C.

Examples:
USC [not US Code or USCA or USCS]
MO Rev Stat [not Vernon's]
NY Banking L [not McKinney's or CLS]
AK Stat
CA Educ Code
OH Rev Code
MA Gen L

Rule 6. Code Citation: Numbering.
Indicate the code section being cited in accordance with the standardized format for that jurisdiction provided in Appendix, Part C.

Examples:
18 USC § 1331
AL Code § 13A-5-40
AK Stat § 43.10.015
CA Bus & Prof Code § 471
IL Comp Stat 5/6-21
NC Gen Stat § 113-202

Comment: A statutory code is numbered according to a particular scheme. Several different types of schemes exist: the title may precede the code designation; it may follow it, as part of the section number; the subject area may be included in the code designation. Most state codes uniformly adhere to one numbering scheme, but a few states are in the process of recodification and thus may use more than one type of numbering. If this is the case, it is indicated in Appendix, Part C. Give the statute's session law section number if the statute is commonly cited that way or if the information would aid the reader.

Example:
Clayton Act, §4(a), 15 USC§15(a) (1997 through 12/31)

Rule 7. Code Citation: Date.
The elements of the "current through" date include:

1) the year, and
2) the term "through," and
3) the most recent legislative event indicated by the source consulted. This may include the name of the session or session number, or a session law, or a specific date if none of the above are available

Always list the year first, followed by the word "through." The word "through" refers to the legislative event (e.g., the last meeting of the legislature), and not the enactment of the statute being cited. Simply listing the session indicates current through the end of the session. If the session or session law information is not available, cite to the year through which the code is current. Use the abbreviations of legislative terms provided in Appendix, Part D.

Examples:
1996 through Reg Sess 1996 through 1st Ext Sess [not 1996 through Reg Sess and 1st Ext Sess]
1996 through Reg Sess [not 1996 through 1st Ext Sess and Reg Sess]
1996 through PL 103-65 1997 through 6/30

Comment: The "current through" date can be found on the title page of a printed code, supplement or pocket part, and is usually found at the first screen of an online code section. On a CD-ROM product or Web site, there is usually a currency note prominently displayed. Using a "current through" date allows the author to pinpoint exactly the time at which the code contained the cited wording in its exact form. It allows the reader to more easily verify the citation, whether the reader is using a book, a CD-ROM product, a Web site, or an online version of the text. No indication of currency is a sign for the reader to check the reliability of the source.

Rule 8. Standardized Session Law Designation.
When citing a session law, use the standardized session law designation provided in Appendix, Part C.

Examples:
AR Acts 1969, no 303, § 7
DE L 1996, ch 477, § 2
IL PA 82-73, § 2 (1991)
MT L 1995, ch 13, § 4

Rule 9. Session Law Citation: Legislative Session.
Include the legislative session in the citation if it is necessary to uniquely identify the session law. Use the abbreviations for legislative terms provided in Appendix, Part D.

Example:
LA Acts 1994, 3d Ext Sess, no 51, § 1

Rule 10. Session Law Citation: Year.
Include the year of enactment in the citation to a session law. If the year is already indicated in the session law designation, the number or unique identifier, or the name of the act, do not include it twice.

Examples:
MI PA 1962, no 174, § 9992
IL PA 82-73, § 2 (1991)
Act of Mar 4, 1996, OR Sess L, ch 13
AK Sess L 1996, ch 10, § 1 [not AK Sess L 1996, ch 10, § 1 (1996)]
AL L 96-193 [not AL L 96-193 (1996)]

Rule 11. Session Law Citation: Number or Unique Identifier of the Act.
Include the act number, law number, bill number, or similar number of the session law. For guidance use the examples in Appendix, Part C.

Examples:
VA Acts 1969, no 303, § 7
CA Stats 1996, ch 1029, § 1

Rule 12. Session Law Citation: Section, Paragraph or Page Number.
Include the section, paragraph, or page number of the session law, in that order of preference, if citing to a specific portion of the session law. A title or part designation may also be included if it will aid in identification.

Examples:
CO L 1996, HB 96-1181, § 4
KY L 1994 1st Ext Sess, ch 2, part 11, § 38
MO L 1994, HB no 1095, § A

Use the following designations of form and elements in citing to the code and session laws of American jurisdictions.

United States
Code: 18 USC § 1331 (1995 through 12/31)
Session Laws: US PL 103-45 (1995)

Alabama
Code: AL Code § 13A-5-40 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: AL L 96-193, § 3

Alaska
Code: AK Stat § 43.10.015 (1996 through 1st Sp Sess)
Session Laws: AK Sess L 1996, ch 10, § 1

Arizona
Code: AZ Rev Stat § 14-2501 (1996 through 7th Sp Sess 42d Legis)
Session Laws: AZ L 1992, ch 199, § 1

Arkansas
Code: AR Code § 28-9-206 (1997 through 1st Ext Sess)
Session Laws: AR Acts 1969, no 303, § 7

California
Code: California has 28 subject codes and the subject is included in the citation. Abbreviations for the codes are listed below.

Example:
CA Bus & Prof Code § 471 (1995-96 through 4th Ext Sess)

Business and Professions Civil Civil Procedure Commercial Corporations Education Elections Evidence Family Financial Fish & Game Food & Agricultural Government Harbors & Navigation Health & Safety Insurance Labor Military & Veterans Penal Probate Public Contract Public Resources Public Utilities Revenue & Taxation Streets & Highways Unemployment Insurance Vehicle Water Welfare & Institutions

CA Bus & Prof Code CA Civ Code CA Civ Pro Code CA Com Code CA Corp Code CA Educ Code CA Elec Code CA Ev Code CA Fam Code CA Fin Code CA Fish & Game Code CA Food & Agri Code CA Govt Code CA Harb & Nav Code CA Health & Safety Code CA Ins Code CA Labor Code CA Mil & Vet Code CA Penal Code CA Prob Code CA Pub Cont Code CA Pub Res Code CA Pub Util Code CA Rev & Tax Code CA St & Hwy Code CA Unemp Ins Code CA Veh Code CA Water Code CA Welf & Inst Code

Session Laws: CA Stats 1996, ch 1029, § 1

Colorado
Code: CO Rev Stat § 1-40-107 (1996 through 2d Reg Sess, 60th Gen Ass)
Session Laws: CO L 1996, HB 96-1181, § 4

Connecticut
Code: CT Gen Stat § 12-62 (1996 through Feb Reg Sess)
Session Laws: CT PA 95-225, § 22

Delaware
Code: 11 DE Code § 1441 (1996 through 138th Gen Ass)
Session Laws: DE L 1996, ch 477, § 2

District of Columbia
Code: DC Code § 22-2401 (1997 through 4/12)
Session Laws: DC L 10-257, § 401(b)(1) (1995)

Florida
Code: FL Stat § 373.139 (1996 through 2d Reg Sess)
Session Laws: FL L 1996, ch 96-406, § 173

Georgia
Code: GA Code § 18-4-65 (1996 through Gen Ass)
Session Laws: GA L 1990, act 40, § 5

Hawaii
Code: HA Rev Stat § 236-15 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: HA L 1979, ch 224, § 1

Idaho
Code: ID Code § 41-1038 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: ID SL 1978, ch 10, § 1, p 19

Illinois
Code: 235 IL Comp Stat 5/6-21 (1997 through PA 90-25)
Session Laws: IL PA 82-783, § 1 (1991)

Indiana
Code: IN Code § 35-32-1-2 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: IN PL 2-1992, § 875

Iowa
Code: IA Code § 491.22 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: IA Acts 1996, ch 1170, § 4

Kansas
Code: KS Stat § 70a-101 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: KS L 1995, ch 260, § 3

Kentucky
Code: KY Rev Stat § 342.316 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: KY L 1994, ch 181, part 11, § 38

Louisiana
Code: Louisiana's statutes are found in five subject codes and the remainder in the Revised Statutes.

Examples:
LA Civ Code art 86 (1996 through Reg Sess)
LA Rev Stat § 38:2212 (1996 through Reg Sess)

Civil Civil Procedure Criminal Procedure Evidence Children's	LA Civ Code LA Code Civ Pro LA Code Crim Pro LA Code Ev LA Chil Code
Session Laws: LA Acts 1994, 3d Ext Sess, no 51, § 1

Maine
Code: 28-A ME Rev Stat § 2072 (1996 through 117th Legis, 2d Sp Sess)
Session Laws: ME L 1983, ch 568, § 14

Maryland
Code: Maryland is in the process of replacing its old code with subject codes, which currently number twenty-seven.

Examples:
MD Bus Reg Code § 1-414 (1996 through Reg Sess)
MD Code art 33, § 3-18 (1996 through Reg Sess)

Agriculture Business Occupations and Professions Business Regulation Commercial Law I Commercial Law II Corporations & Associations Courts & Judicial Proceedings Education Environment Estates & Trusts Family Law Financial Institutions Health-General I Health-General II Health Occupations Insurance Labor & Employment Natural Resources I Natural Resources II Real Property State Finance & Procurement State Government State Personnel & Pensions Tax-General Tax-Property Transportation I Transportation II

MD Agric Code MD Bus Occ & Prof Code MD Bus Reg Code MD Comm L I Code MD Comm L II Code MD Corp & Assn Code MD Cts & Jud Pro Code MD Educ Code MD Env Code MD Est & Trusts Code MD Fam L Code MD Fin Inst Code MD Health-Gen I Code MD Health-Gen II Code MD Health Occ Code MD Ins Code MD Lab & Emp Code MD Nat Res I Code MD Nat Res II Code MD Real Prop Code MD State Fin & Pro Code MD State Govt Code MD State Pers & Pens Code MD Tax-Gen Code MD Tax-Prop Code MD Transp I Code MD Transp II Code

Session Laws: MD Sess L 1997, ch 9, § 1

Massachusetts
Code: MA Gen L ch 93A, § 9 (1996 through ch 31, 2d Ann Sess)
Session Laws: MA Stat 1972, ch 614, § 1

Michigan
Code: MI Comp L § 566.221 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: MI PA 1962, no 174, § 9992

Minnesota
Code: MN Stat § 256D.05 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: MN L 1987, ch 384, art 3, § 31

Mississippi
Code: MS Code § 91-9-107 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: MS L 1983, ch 534, § 7

Missouri
Code: MO Rev Stat § 351.360 (1996 through 2d Reg Sess, 88th Gen Ass)
Session Laws: MO L 1996, SB no 768, § A (§ 4) MO L 1994, HB no 1095, § A

Montana
Code: MT Code § 35-8-301 (1993 through 53d Legis Reg Sess)
Session Laws: MT L § 5, ch 462, § 5, L 1995

Nebraska
Code: NE Rev Stat § 28-917 (1996 through 2d Sess)
Session Laws: NE L 1987, LB 451, § 2

Nevada
Code: NV Rev Stat § 463.140 (1995 through 68th Sess)
Session Laws: NV Acts 1993, ch 178, § 16

New Hampshire
Code: NH Rev Stat § 231.92 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: NH L 1991, 385:5

New Jersey
Code: NJ Rev Stat § 3B:27-1 (1996 through 1st Ann Sess)
Session Laws: NJ L 1979, ch 501, § 4

New Mexico
Code: NM Stat § 73-2-11 (1996 through 1st Sp Sess, 42d Legis)
Session Laws: NM L 1983, ch 265, § 54

New York
Code: The statutes of New York are codified into 97 codes designated Laws for the most part, but also including a few Acts and one Code. Uncodified laws are collected in the Unconsolidated Laws.

Example:
NY Aban Prop L § 200 (1996 through ch 399)
NY Unconsol L § 202 (1996 through ch 399)

Abandoned Property Agricultural Conservation & Adjustment Agriculture & Markets Alcoholic Beverage Control Alternative County Government Arts & Cultural Affairs Banking Benevolent Orders Business Corporations Canal Civil Practice Law and Rules Civil Rights Civil Service Commerce Condemnation Cooperative Corporations Correction County Court of Claims Act Criminal Procedure Debtor and Creditor Domestic Relations Economic Development Education Election Eminent Domain Procedure Employers' Liability Energy NY Energy L Environmental Conservation Estates, Powers, and Trusts Executive General Associations General Business General City General Construction General Municipal General Obligations Highway Indian Insurance Judiciary Labor Legislative Lien Limited Liability Company Local Finance Mental Hygiene Military Multiple Dwelling Multiple Residence Municipal Home Rule Navigation New York City Civil Court Act New York City Criminal Court Act Not-for-Profit Corporation Parks, Recreation, and Historical Preservation Partnership Penal Personal Property Private Housing Finance Public Authorities Public Buildings Public Health Public Housing Public Lands Public Officers Public Service Racing, Pari-Mutuel Wagering, and Breeding Railroad Rapid Transit Real Property Real Property Actions and Proceedings Real Property Tax Religious Corporations Retirement and Social Security Rural Electric Cooperatives Second Class Cities Soil and Water Conservation Districts State Administrative Procedure Act State Finance State Law State Printing and Public Documents Statute of Local Governments Surrogate's Court Procedure Act Tax Town Transportation Transportation Corporations Uniform City Court Act Uniform Commercial Code Uniform District Court Act Uniform Justice Court Act Vehicle and Traffic Village Volunteer Ambulance Workers' Benefit Volunteer Firefighters' Benefit Workers' Compensation

NY Aban Prop L NY Agri Cons & Adj L NY Agri & Mkts L NY Alcoh Bev Ctrl L NY Alt Cty Govt L NY Arts & Cult Aff L NY Banking L NY Ben Ord L NY Bus Corp L NY Canal L NY CPLR NY Civ Rights L NY Civ Serv L NY Comm L NY Condem L NY Coop Corp L NY Corr L NY Cty L NY Ct Claims Act NY Crim Pro L NY Debt & Cred L NY Dom Rel L NY Econ Dev L NY Educ L NY Elec L NY Em Dom Pro L NY Emp Liab L NY Energy L NY Env Cons L NY Est Pow & Trusts L NY Exec L NY Gen Assns L NY Gen Bus L NY Gen City L NY Gen Const L NY Gen Mun L NY Gen Oblig L NY Hwy L NY Indian L NY Ins L NY Jud L NY Lab L NY Legis L NY Lien L NY LLC L NY Loc Fin L NY Ment Hygiene L NY Mil L NY Mult Dwell L NY Mult Res L NY Mun Home Rule L NY Nav L NY City Civ Ct Act NY City Crim Ct Act NY Not for Profit Corp L NY Pks, Rec & Hist Prev L NY Pship L NY Penal L NY Pers Prop L NY Priv Hous Fin L NY Pub Auth L NY Pub Bldgs L NY Pub Health L NY Pub Hsg L NY Pub Lands L NY Pub Off L NY Pub Serv L NY Rac, Pari-Mut Wag & Breeding L NY RR L NY Rapid Trans L NY Real Prop L NY Real Prop Actions L NY Real Prop Tax L NY Rel Corps L NY Ret & SS L NY Rural Elec Coops L NY Second Class Cities L NY Soil & Wat Cons Dists L NY State APA NY State Fin L NY State L NY State Print & Pub Docs L NY Stat Loc Govts L NY Surr Ct Pro Act NY Tax L NY Town L NY Transp L NY Transp Corps L NY Unif City Ct Act NY UCC NY Unif Dist Ct Act NY Unif Just Ct Act NY Veh & Traf L NY Vill L NY Vol Amb Wrkrs Ben L NY Vol Fire Ben L NY Work Comp L

Session Laws: NY L 1996, ch 12, § 3

North Carolina
Code: NC Gen Stat § 113-202 (1994 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: NC Sess L 1991, ch 545, § 1

North Dakota
Code: ND Cent Code § 39-08-01 (1995 through 54th Legis Ass)
Session Laws: ND SL 1987, ch 470, § 7

Ohio
Code: OH Rev Code § 3107.07 (1996 through laws filed 12/31)
Session Laws: OH L, HB 419, § 2 (1995)

Oklahoma
Code: 16 OK Stat § 202 (1996 through 2d Reg Sess, 45th Legis)
Session Laws: OK L 1985, ch 325, § 5

Oregon Code: OR Rev Stat § 281.045 (1995 through Sp Sess, 68th Legis Ass) Session Laws: OR L 1993 ch 210, § 20

Pennsylvania
Code: The legislature has been enacting portions of the code since 1970.Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes is the enacted code. Pennsylvania Statutes are unenacted. They are actually intermingled, within each physical volume.

30 PA Cons Stat § 2504 (1996 through Gen Ass)
26 PA Stat § 1-507 (1996 through Gen Ass)

Session Laws: PA PL 784, no 225, § 215 (1982)

Rhode Island
Code: RI Gen L § 19-21-40 (1996 through Jan Sess)
Session Laws: RI PL 1995, ch 82, § 52

South Carolina
Code: SC Code § 16-9-320 (1996 through Sess)
Session Laws: SC L 1993, act 184, § 89

South Dakota
Code: SC Codified L § 7-16-6 (through 1997)
Session Laws: SD SL 1997, ch 31, § 4

Tennessee
Code: TN Code § 39-14-408 (1996 through Sess)
Session Laws: TN Acts 1993, ch 473, § 7

Texas
Code: Codification began in 1963. Since then 17 codes have been enacted in whole or in part.

Example:
Agric Code § 167.03 (1995 through Reg Sess)
Crim Pro Code art 36.07 (1997 through Reg Sess)

Agriculture Alcoholic Beverage Business & Commerce Civil Practice & Remedies Corporations & Associations Criminal Procedure Education Election Family Government Health & Safety Human Resources Labor Local Government Natural Resources Parks & Wildlife Penal Property Tax Transportation Water

TX Agric Code TX Alcho Bev Code TX Bus & Com Code TX Civ Prac & Rem Code TX Corp & Assn Code TX Code Crim Pro art 36.07 TX Educ Code TX Elec Code TX Fam Code TX Govt Code TX Health & Safety Code TX Hum Res Code TX Lab Code TX Loc Govt Code TX Nat Res Code TX Pks & Wildlife Code TX Penal Code TX Prop Code TX Tax Code TX Transp Code TX Water Code

The remaining Texas Statutes can be found in a consolidation, Texas Civil Statutes, which is cited thus: TX Civ Stat art 1416 (1995 through Reg Sess) There are of three additional separate codes and acts "embedded" in the consolidation, which have different numbering:

TX Prob Code § 36
TX Bus Corp Act art 2.18
TX Ins Code art 3.44

Session Laws: TX L 1995, ch 869, § 1

Utah
Code: UT Code § 20A-9-501 (1997 through Spec Sess)
Session Laws: UT L 1994, ch 1, § 68

Vermont
Code: VT Stats § 2303 (1996 through Adj Sess)
Session Laws: VT L 1985, no 100 (Adj Sess), § 23 VT L 1993, no 95, § 5

Virginia
Code: VA Code § 18.2-248 (1997 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: VA Acts 1997, ch 832

Washington
Code: WA Rev Code § 2.04.010 (1996 through Reg Sess 54th Legis)
Session Laws: WA L 1991, ch 363, § 2

West Virginia
Code: WV Code § 5-1-9 (1996 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: WV Acts 1995, ch 101

Wisconsin
Code: WI Stat § 7.08 (1997 through Act 11)
Session Laws: WI L 1993, act 491, § 258

Wyoming
Code: WY Stat § 1-23-105 (1997 through Reg Sess)
Session Laws: WY L 1997, ch 188, § 1

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Act, Acts Adjourned Article Assembly Chapter First Enacted Extraordinary General House Bill House Resolution Law, Laws Legislative, Legislature Legislative Bill Number Private Public Act Public Law Regular Senate Bill Session Special

act, Acts Adj art Ass ch 1st En Extra Gen HB HRes L Legis Bill LB no Priv PA PL Reg SB Sess Spec

* © American Association of Law Libraries, 1998.

** The principal drafter for AALL Committee on Citation Formats was Lynn Foster, Associate Dean and Professor of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock School of Law, Little Rock, Arkansas.

¹ "Codes" and "recompilations" can have different meanings. For purposes of this document a code is defined to include a compliation, and means a recompilation of session laws in a subject arrangement, whether it is formally enacted into positive law or not.

² As of January 1998, the date of Draft Release 3.1, the most current edition is the sixteenth. THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (16th ed. 1996).

³ Part A (Geographic) and B (Court Names) of the Standardized Table for AALL Universal Citation comprise an abbreviation dictionary for the AALL Universal Case Citation. See The Universal Legal Citation Project: A Draft User Guide to the AALL Universal Case Citation, 89 L. LIBR. J. 7, 18 (1997).

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